基本信息
| 标准名称： | 信息无障碍 语音上网技术要求 |
| 发布部门： | 工业和信息化部 |
| 发布日期： | 2011-01-01 |
| 实施日期： | 2011-01-01 |
| 首发日期： | |
| 作废日期： | |
| 出版社： | 人民邮电出版社 |
| 出版日期： | 2011-01-01 |
适用范围
本标准规定了利用语音方式访问互联网的技术要求，包括语音上网服务系统结构、设备功能要求、Voice XML系统架构、语音标记语言格式、语音浏览器与语音服务器信息交互格式、语音服务系统安全性要求等。
前言
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引用标准
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所属分类： 综合 标志 包装 运输 贮存 包装材料与容器 货物的包装和调运 麻袋 袋子
【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforConductingWholeSedimentToxicityTestswithAmphibians
【原文标准名称】:用两栖动物进行整体沉积物毒性试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME2591-2007
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2007
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.03
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:两栖纲;动物生物区;生物分析和试验;生物试验;生物水污染物;进行;沉积物;试验;毒性;水质;水质试验
【英文主题词】:amphibian;bioavailability
【摘要】:Whilefederalcriteriaandstatestandardsexistthatdefineacuteandchronicx201C;safex201D;levelsinthewatercolumn,effectslevelsinthesedimentarepoorlydefinedandmaybedependentuponnumerousmodifyingfactors.EvenwhereUSEPArecommendedWaterQualityCriteria(WQC,(35))arenotexceededbywater-borneconcentrations,organismsthatliveinornearthesedimentmaystillbeadverselyaffected(36).Therefore,simplymeasuringtheconcentrationofachemicalinthesedimentorinthewaterisofteninsufficienttoevaluateitsactualenvironmentaltoxicity.Concentrationsofcontaminantsinsedimentmaybemuchhigherthanconcentrationsinoverlyingwater;thisisespeciallytrueofhydrophobicorganiccompoundsaswellasinorganicionsthathaveastrongaffinityfororganicligandsandnegatively-chargedsurfaces.Higherchemicalconcentrationsinsedimentdonot,however,alwaystranslatetogreatertoxicityorbioaccumulation(37),althoughresearchalsosuggeststhatamendingsedimentwithorganicmatteractuallyincreasesthebioaccumulationofcontaminantparticles(38,39).OtherfactorsthatcanpotentiallyinfluencesedimentbioaccumulationandtoxicityincludepHmineralogicalcomposition,acid-volatilesulfide(AVS)andgrainsize(40,41).Laboratorytoxicitytestsprovideadirectandeffectivewaytoevaluatetheeffectsofsedimentcontaminationonenvironmentalreceptorswhileprovidingempiricalconsiderationofallofthephysical,chemicalandbiologicalparametersthatmayinfluencetoxicity.Amphibiansareoftenamajorecosystemcomponentofwetlandsaroundtheworld,howeverlimiteddataareavailableregardingtheeffectsofsediment-boundcontaminantstoamphibians(30-32,41-43).Laboratorystudiessuchastheproceduredescribedinthisstandardareonemeansofdirectlyassessingsedimenttoxicitytoamphibiansinordertoevaluatepotentialecologicalrisksinwetlands.Resultsfromsedimenttestingwiththisproceduremaybeusefulindevelopingchemical-specificsedimentscreeningvaluesforamphibians.Sedimenttoxicitytestcanbeusedtodemonstratethereactionoftestorganismstothespecificcombinationofphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsinanenvironmentalmedium.Thebioavailabilityofchemicalsisdependentonanumberoffactors,whicharebothsite-specificandmedium-specific.Althoughmanyofthesefactorscanbeestimatedusingequilibriumpartitioningtechniques,itisdifficulttoaccountforallthephysicalandchemicalpropertieswhichcouldpotentiallyaffectbioavailability.Sedimenttoxicitytestsmaybeparticularlyapplicabletoevaluatinghydrophobiccompoundswhichmaynotreadilypartitionintothewatercolumn.SeeTable1forasummaryofadvantagesanddisadvantagesassociatedwithsedimenttoxicitytests.TABLE1AdvantagesandDisadvantagesforUseofSedimentTests(ModifiedfromTestMethodE1706)Advantages
Measurebioavailablefractionofcontaminant(s).
Provideadirectmeasureofeffectsonsediment-associatedreceptors(benthos,larvalamphibians),assumingnofieldadaptationorameliorationofeffects.
Limitedspecialequipmentisrequired.
Methodsarerapidandinexpensive.
Legalandscientificprecedenceexistforuse;USEPAandASTMstandardmethodsandguidesareavai........
【中国标准分类号】:Z12
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_70
【页数】:18P.;A4
【正文语种】: